ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Some studies have shown that secondary infections during the COVID-19 pandemic may have contributed to the high mortality. Our objective was to identify the frequency, types and etiology of bacterial infections in patients with COVID-19 admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU) and to evaluate the results of ICU stay, duration of mechanical ventilation (MV) and in-hospital mortality. It was a single-center study with a retrospective cohort of patients admitted consecutively to the ICU for more than 48 h between March and May 2020. Comparisons of groups with and without ICU- acquired infection were performed. A total of 191 patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 were included and 57 patients had 97 secondary infectious events. The most frequent agents were Acinetobacter baumannii (28.9%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (22.7%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (14.4%); multi-drug resistance was present in 96% of A. baumannii and in 57% of K. pneumoniae. The most prevalent infection was ventilator-associated pneumonia in 57.9% of patients with bacterial infections, or 17.3% of all COVID-19 patients admitted to the ICU, followed by tracheobronchitis (26.3%). Patients with secondary infections had a longer ICU stay (40.0 vs. 17 days; p < 0.001), as well as a longer duration of MV (24.0 vs 9.0 days; p= 0.003). There were 68 (35.6%) deaths overall, of which 27 (39.7%) patients had bacterial infections. Among the 123 survivors, 30 (24.4%) had a secondary infections (OR 2.041; 95% CI 1.080 - 3.859). A high incidence of secondary infections, mainly caused by gram-negative bacteria has been observed. Secondary infections were associated with longer ICU stay, MV use and higher mortality.
ABSTRACT
Abstract Introduction: There is little data in the literature on acute kidney injury (AKI) in Covid-19 cases, although relevant in clinical practice in the ICU, especially in Brazil. Our goal was to identify the incidence of AKI, predictive factors and impact on hospital mortality. Method: Retrospective cohort of patients with Covid-19 admitted to the ICU. AKI was defined according to KDIGO criteria. Data was collected from electronic medical records between March 17 and April 26. Results: Of the 102 patients, 55.9% progressed with AKI, and the majority (66.7%) was classified as stage 3. Multivariate logistic regression showed age (RC 1.101; 95% CI 1.026 - 1.181; p = 0.0070), estimated glomerular filtration rate - eGFR (RC 1.127; 95% CI 1.022 - 1.243; p = 0.0170) and hypertension (RC 3.212; 95% CI 1.065 - 9.690; p = 0.0380) as independent predictors of AKI. Twenty-three patients died. In the group without kidney injury, there were 8.9% deaths, while in the group with AKI, 33.3% of patients died (RR 5.125; 95% CI 1.598 - 16.431; p = 0.0060). The average survival, in days, was higher in the group without AKI. Cox multivariate analysis showed age (RR 1.054; 95% CI 1.014 - 1.095; p = 0.0080) and severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (RR 8.953; 95% CI 1.128 - 71.048; p = 0.0380) as predictors of hospital mortality. Conclusion: We found a high incidence of AKI; and as predictive factors for its occurrence: age, eGFR and hypertension. AKI was associated with higher hospital mortality.
Resumo Introdução: A lesão renal aguda (LRA)na Covid-19, apesar de relevante na prática clínica em UTI, dispõe de poucos dados na literatura, sobretudo no Brasil. Objetivo foi identificar a incidência de LRA, fatores preditores e impacto na mortalidade hospitalar. Método: Coorte retrospectiva de pacientes com Covid-19 internados em UTI. LRA foi definida segundo critérios de KDIGO. Dados coletados de registros de prontuários eletrônicos entre 17 de março e 26 de abril. Resultados: Dos 102 pacientes, 55,9% evoluíram com LRA e a maioria (66,7%) foi classificada como estágio 3. Regressão logística multivariada mostrou idade (RC 1,101; IC 95% 1,026 - 1,181; p = 0,0070), taxa de filtração glomerular estimada - TFGe (RC 1,127; IC 95% 1,022 - 1,243; p = 0,0170) e hipertensão (RC 3,212; IC 95% 1,065 - 9,690; p = 0,0380) como preditores independentes de LRA. Vinte e três pacientes faleceram. No grupo sem lesão renal ocorreu 8,9% de óbitos, enquanto que no grupo com LRA 33,3% dos pacientes morreram (RR 5,125; IC 95% 1,598 - 16,431; p = 0,0060). A média de sobrevida, em dias, foi maior no grupo sem LRA. Análise multivariada de Cox mostrou idade (RR 1,054; IC 95% 1,014 - 1,095; p = 0,0080) e síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo grave (RR 8,953; IC 95% 1,128 - 71,048; p = 0,0380) como preditores de mortalidade hospitalar. Conclusão: Encontramos alta incidência de LRA; e como fatores preditores para sua ocorrência: idade, TFGe e hipertensão. A LRA estava associada a maior mortalidade hospitalar.
Subject(s)
Humans , Acute Kidney Injury/epidemiology , COVID-19 , Brazil/epidemiology , Incidence , Retrospective Studies , Risk Factors , Hospital Mortality , SARS-CoV-2 , Intensive Care UnitsABSTRACT
A síndrome de hipersensibilidade a drogas com eosinofilia e sintomas sistêmicos (DRESS) é uma rara reação adversa a drogas com potencial de morte e sequelas em longo prazo. Os anticonvulsivantes aromáticos estão entre os medicamentos mais relacionados. Relatamos um caso de DRESS em associação com o alelo HLA-A*31:01, destacando aspectos clínico-laboratoriais, abordagem diagnóstica e acompanhamento ambulatorial de sequelas tardias. Homem com 69 anos, natural do Japão, internado com suspeita clínica de DRESS. Havia iniciado carbamazepina 4 semanas antes do rash cutâneo para tratamento de epilepsia. Apresentou biópsia cutânea compatível com farmacodermia. O paciente foi tratado com prednisolona por 4 meses. A tipagem HLA-A-B-DRB1 por PCR-RSSO (ONE LAMBDA) e SSP alelo específico revelou HLA relacionado a reações de hipersensibilidade à carbamazepina. O teste de contato realizado com carbamazepina a 10% no primeiro ano após a reação foi positivo. A restrição futura da classe de anticonvulsivantes aromáticos foi recomendada. Oito meses após a aparente resolução clínica da DRESS, o paciente desenvolveu aumento dos anticorpos antitireoideanos e doença de Hashimoto. Treze meses após a o início da reação, foi observado aumento nos títulos de FAN, sem manifestações clínicas. Este relato de caso descreve aspectos clínico-laboratoriais típicos de DRESS relativos ao diagnóstico clínico-laboratorial e histopatológico, bem como evolução clínica em curto e longo prazos. A abordagem farmacogenética e o teste de contato foram importantes para a confirmação da imputabilidade da carbamazepina na etiologia da DRESS.
Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS syndrome) is a rare, potentially fatal adverse reaction to drugs that may have long-term sequelae. Aromatic anticonvulsants are among the drugs most commonly associated with DRESS. We report a case of DRESS associated with allele HLA-A*31:01, with emphasis on clinical and laboratory findings, the diagnostic approach adopted, and outpatient follow-up of late sequelae. A 69-year old Japanese male patient was admitted with a clinical suspicion of DRESS. He had started carbamazepine treatment for epilepsy 4 weeks before the rash. He presented skin biopsy compatible with pharmacodermia. The patient was treated with prednisolone for 4 months. HLA-A-B-DRB1 typing using the PCRRSSO technique (ONE LAMBDA) and specific SSP allele revealed HLA related to hypersensitivity reactions to carbamazepine. The skin test performed with carbamazepine 10% on the first day after the reaction resulted positive. Future restriction of aromatic anticonvulsants was recommended. Eight months after the apparent clinical resolution of DRESS, the patient showed increased levels of antithyroid antibodies and Hashimoto disease. Thirteen months after the onset of the reaction, increased FAN results were observed, with no clinical manifestations. This case report describes clinical and laboratory aspects of DRESS related to clinical, laboratory, and histopathological diagnosis, as well as clinical evolution in the short and long terms. The pharmacogenetic approach and the skin test were important to confirm the imputability of carbamazepine in the etiology of DRESS.
Subject(s)
Humans , Aged , Prednisolone , HLA-A Antigens , Eosinophilia , Drug Hypersensitivity Syndrome , Anticonvulsants , Outpatients , Signs and Symptoms , Skin , Therapeutics , Carbamazepine , Skin Tests , Diagnosis , Drug Hypersensitivity , Epilepsy , Hashimoto Disease , Research ReportABSTRACT
Os autores, após breve resumo bibliográfico no qual enfatizaram a importância deste tipio de sentimento no dia-a-dia da clínica pediátrica e as várias abordagens que o explicam, relatam os resultados de entrevistas realizadas com médicos e com pais, no sentido de melhor compreensäo do medo infantil diante do médico. Discutem, a luz destes dados, a importância da figura mística do médico, o seu autoritarismo e o uso deste fato para facilitar o acesso a criança, bem como as várias iatrogenias daí decorrentes. Sugerem, por fim, normas profiláticas que, a partir dos pais ou dos médicos, possam provocar a diminuiçäo do fenômeno e de suas repercussöes na relaçäo médico-paciente em outras etapas da vida